Team+Robot

Copeland, Larry. "Animal Rights Fight Gains Momentum." __USA TODAY__ Sirs. 27 jan 2008. Nov 13, 2008 .


 * Animal rights influence growing MF
 * affecting everything from food to enjoying a horse-drawn carriage ride MF
 * animals are made of flesh, blod, bone just like humans MF
 * PETA supports ban on carriage horses hauling tourists around MF
 * humane society expects 28 state legislatures this year to strengthening existing bans on dog fighting & cockfights MF
 * 13 states considering bills regulating "puppy mills" MF
 * 728 gray hounds injured racing at state tracks MF
 * over past 3 years colleges have stopped or dramatically reduced the use of eegs from hens MF
 * Burger King, Hardees, Carl's jr, and Ben & Jerry dont use eegs from caged chickens MF
 * more than 90 law schools now offer courses in animal law MF

Rucker, Philip. "Med School Is Asked To Stop Animal Use." __Washington Post__ Sirs. 2 jul 2008. Nov 11, 2008 .


 * U.S. military's medical school draws critisim from using live animals KH
 * studens and faculty insert breathing tubes in live ferrets, and perform surgeries on live pigs KH
 * medical school has a petition againsted them asking the university to use alternatives like high-tech human simulators KH
 * "to abuse and take the life of an animal, especially for a purpose that is served better by not doing so, is gratuitous and unethical" says pippin KH
 * 8 of 154 medical school report using live animals KH
 * use of live animals has declining due to stimulated human models KH

Rowan,Andrew N. "Animal experimentation" World Book Advanced. 2008 14 Nov. 2008 <http:www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar022480


 * morally wrong and benifits gained by animal research atrivial compared to the cost of animal testing in products that have no scientific value, such as cosmetics or perfumes SF
 * most scientist argue without animal testing they could not make significant progress in medicine SF
 * ** Animals in biological, medical. And psychological studies.
 * Human beings and many animals have similar organ system and body pressure SF
 * Experiments on animals help scientist increase knowledge about the way the human body works SF
 * Twenty million animals each year MC
 * Animals rights advocates estimate MC
 * As many as 100 million animals are used annually. SF
 * Mice and rats account for about ninety percent of animals used. SF
 * Scientists also use birds, cats, dogs, guineas pigs, hamster, monkeys, and rabbit MC
 * In addition educators use animals to teach students about anatomy, physiology, biology, and surgery. MC
 * Researchers study animals to get a better understanding of body processes in human and animals SF
 * They use many animals to study the causes and effects of illnesses such as cancer and heart disease MC
 * They use animals to develop and test the safety of chemicals in food products and cosmetic SF
 * Physiology observe the behavior of animals under a verity of conditions such as hunger or stress to learn how similar conditions might affect people SF
 * These methods include test-tube experiment on bacteria or on bits of human or animal tissue, and the use of computer models of living system MC
 * claim that animal suffering is minor SF
 * experiments not always adequate SF

Quigley, Ian. "Animal Testing." Animal sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. Science Resource Center. Gale. 14 November 2008 

Causey, Ann. ""Animal Rights"." __Environmental Encyclopedia__. 2003. Nov 14, 2008 <>.
 * activist protest cosmetic research instead of bio medicine
 * many advantages to using animals, over other methods
 * many drug studies require observation of animals
 * stimulations rarely reflect reality
 * animal organ systems differ from humans
 * 24 drugs reduce damage after storkes in animal
 * none proved effective in human trials


 * The FD&C act doesnt specifically require animals in testing cosmetic safety
 * the act doesnt require cosmetics for FDA premarket approval
 * animal rightists advocate the protection of ecosystems

__The humane Society__. 2008 nov 18, 2008 http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animal_testing/animal_testing_the_beginning_of_the_end.html.


 * skin and eye irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits
 * millions of animals used in the us and abroad to assess the potentiall hazards of the following:
 * cosmetics, soaps, houshold cleaners, pesticides, drugs, and other
 * chemicals are applied to aniomals eyes and skin, injected into their blood, or the aniamls are forced to digest or inhale it
 * animal protection community critize these methods as inhumane, and scientifically flawed
 * "three R's"- replace animals in specific tests, reduce animal numbers in specific tests, and refining tests to lessen animal suffering
 * developments in US give hope to developing non-animal methods can be developed
 * guinea pigs have been widely used for skin allergy testing

Aldhous, Peter. __Animal Experiments where do you draw the line?__. May 22, 1999. Nov 18, 2008 .


 * experiments on monkeys were veiwed more negatively than those including mice
 * experiments to test or develop drugs to cure childhood lukemia were seen as justifying monkey suffering
 * experiments invloving primates are tightly controlled in britain
 * monkeys are unlikely to br used for lukemia testing
 * attempts to develop aids vaccines depend on virusis in monkeys
 * goal of developing a AIDS vaccine is taken as justification for inecting chimpanzees with lethal strains of HIV
 * regulations governing animal experiments are as strict or stricter in Britain
 * no perscription drug is marketed without 1st being tested in animals

__Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Con's__. 2008. Nov 18, 2008 .


 * major pro animal testing is that it aids researcher in finding drugs and treatments to improve healthy and medicine
 * many medical treatments possible by animal testing like:
 * cancer and HIV druge, insulin, antibiotics, vaccines and other
 * there are indiviuals who are against animal testing for cosmetics, bt not for medicine
 * animal testing helps to ensure the saftey of drugs and other things humans are exposed to regularly
 * animal testing allows researchers to initially gauge the saftey of drugs prior to human trials
 * human harm is reduced and lives saved
 * animals are used because they are considered similar to humans
 * animals are the closest match to humans

Sanders, Robert. "New biochip could replace animal testing." __UCBerkeleyNews__ 18 12 2007. UCBerkeleyNews. 18 12 2007. Nov 18, 2008 .

Ernst, Stephanie. __Animal Use and Abuse Statistics: The Shocking Numbers__. october 5, 2008. Nov 18, 2008 .
 * cosmetic industry facing European ban on animal testing in 2009
 * newly developed biochip could provide rapid analysis needed to insure chemicals in cossmetics are not toxic to humans
 * the biochip is a suspension of more than a thousand human cell culture, in a three-dimensional gel on a microscope slide
 * each culture is capable of assessing toxicity of a differant chemical
 * according to researchers cultures of human cells could be used to rapidly screen new chemicals
 * by adding other cells and combining the datachip with another biochip "the metachip" cosmetics or chemical companies could test whether chemicals were toxic to otha organs also
 * the metachip was reported two years ago contains liver enzymes immobilized on a microscope slide
 * liver enzymes can sometimes alter seemingly safe chemicals and make them toxic, the metachip mimicks this
 * fo drug companies the combining the metachip and the datachip offers rapid ways to predict whether a drug candidate or its metabolites on cells are toxic
 * within 5 to 10 years, people will be able to know their personal genomes for specific drugs
 * then reproduce this profile on a metachip to prescreen all drugs, they can determine safe and effective doses

__animal testing__. 2007. Nov 19, 2008 .
 * more than 25 million animals used in testing in the United States each year
 * monkeys,chimpanzees,beagles,cats,rabbits,mice,farm animals
 * after experiments conclude all of the animals who survived testing are killed
 * as of 2002, more than 50 drugs tested on animals and approved by the FDA as have been taken away, or relabeled because they caused serious illness

all typed by Kim Harris
 *    More than 2.5 million live animal experiments were authorized in Great Britain in 2000. This number has halved since the 1970s
 * Around the world, animals are used to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs
 *    British law requires that any new drug must be tested on at least two different species of live mammal. One must be a large non-rodent
 *    UK  [|regulations] are considered some of the most rigorous in the world - the Animals Act of 1986 insists that no animal experiments be conducted if there is a realistic alternative
 *    Almost every medical treatment you use has been tested on animals. Animals were also used to develop anesthetics to prevent human pain and suffering during surgery

__Animal Testing__. 2007 PETA. Nov 21,08 .


 * requries laboratories to report the number of animals used in experiments( Animal Welfare Act)
 * that dose not cover mice rats and birds(used in some 80 to 95 percent of all experiments)
 * these animals are not covered by the act they remain uncounted
 * requires all drugs to be tested on animals (FDA)
 * animals differ from humans significantly making animal drug tests unreliable and dangrous
 * research methods such as computer models cell cultures and human studies are more accurate less expensive and much more humane