AlexS

__Bodybuilding Information - A Look at Steroids__. november 2007 24hrfitness. December 4, 2008 . What are steroids?
 * Steroids are natural or synthetic compounds that help to regulate certain body functions.
 * There are two types of steroids used for body enhancement, anabolic that helps in building muscles and androgenic which makes the users more masculine by emphasizing masculine traits such as a deeper voice and growth of body hair.
 * There are over one hundred fifty different types of anabolic steroids.
 * The most common type of steroids that we hear about frequently is anabolic steroids used by athletes to improve their performance in sports.
 * These types of steroids are called by many different names, among them juice and roids

NIDA InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic). December 2, 2008 National Institutes of Health (NIH). 19 Nov. 2008 < http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html


 * 1) AAS are anabolic-androgenic steroids
 * 2) AAS are manufactured to relate to testosterone
 * 3) Anabolic refers to muscle-building
 * 4) Androgenic refers to increased male sexual characteristics
 * 5) Steroids are the class of drugs
 * 6) Steroids can be used legally for delayed puberty
 * 7) Steroids can also be used for other diseases that result in loss of lean muscle mass
 * 8) Anyone can abuse AAS to increase physical appearence and performance
 * 9) AAS are taken orally or injected
 * 10) Steroids are taken in cycles of weeks or months
 * 11) Users often combine several different types of steroids, a practice referred to as stacking
 * 12) AAS in the brain can affect gene expression
 * 13) AAS can effect mood and behavior
 * 14) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Many users are feeling good about themselves while on steroids, but extreme mood swings also occur, including symptoms that lead to violence
 * 15) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">AAS can cause depression which could lead to suicide
 * 16) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroid users may also encounter other drugs like heroin
 * 17) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Health problems for men taking AAS are shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, increased risk for prostate cancer
 * 18) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Health problems for women taking AAS are growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, deepened voice
 * 19) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Health problems for adolescents taking AAS are stunted growth due to premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes; adolescents risk not reaching their expected height if they take AAS before the typical adolescent growth spurt
 * 20) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">People taking AAS have more of a chance of getting AIDS or hepititis
 * 21) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There has been very little research on treatment for AAS abuse
 * 22) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Current knowledge derives largely from the experiences of a small number of physicians who have worked with patients undergoing steroid withdrawal
 * 23) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Therapy seems to work with most AAS abusers
 * 24) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Medication can be used sometimes to restore hormone level

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anabolic steroids __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. December 9, 2008 ESPN. 20 Nov. 2008 http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Use of AAS is illegal and banned by most major sports organizations
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Some athletes still take them, believing that these substances provide a competitive advantage
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Use of anabolic steroids are escalating
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The hormone's anabolic effect helps the body retain dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The anabolic property of steroids lures athletes
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Those that are injected are broken down into additional categories, very long-lasting and those that last a shorter time
 * 7) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Oral form of AAS were discovered to be especially worrisome for the liver
 * 8) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Anabolic steroids are designed to mimic the bodybuilding traits of testosterone
 * 9) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Females also produce testosterone but in minute amounts
 * 10) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Athletes may use up to hundreds of milligrams a day
 * 11) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Anabolic steroids do not improve agility, skill or cardiovascular capacity
 * 12) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Their dangers may not be manifest for years
 * 13) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Long after you give AAS up you may develop side effects
 * 14) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Although AAS are derived from a male sex hormone, men who take them may actually experience a "feminization" effect
 * 15) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">On the other hand, women often experience a "masculinization" effect from AAS
 * 16) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Continued use of anabolic steroids would lead to
 * 17) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Acne
 * 18) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bloated appearance
 * 19) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Rapid weight gain
 * 20) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Clotting disorders
 * 21) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Liver damage
 * 22) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Premature heart attacks and strokes
 * 23) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Elevated cholesterol levels
 * 24) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Weakened tendons
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids close the growth centers in a kid's bones
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Once these growth plates are closed, they cannot reopen so adolescents may end up shorter than they should be
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Users can be depressed one minute and be envulnerable the next
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The note above is commonly known as roid rage
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids are like a drug, when you stop taking them you get sick then when you go back to them you feel good again

<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS, Arial, Helvetica;">__Bodybuilding Information - A Look at Steroids__. november 2007 24hrfitness. December 4, 2008 http://www.24hrfitness.co.uk/bodybuilding/steroids.html <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * Steroids are used in low dosages to treat some types of illnesses such as asthma, arthritis and brain injuries and some types of breast cancer.
 * The type of steroids used to treat these conditions are corticosteroids, these types do not result in bigger muscles.
 * Anabolic steroids which are used for muscle building and performance boosting can also be used for treating some medical conditions such as delayed puberty and anemia.
 * Steroids, because of their possible side effects, should not be taken lightly. While they may be potentially beneficial, they should not be used illegally.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anthony, Roberts. __Steroids in Sports__. Steroid.com. December 9, 2008 http://www.steroid.com/steroids-in-sports.php.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Story of steroid use in sports began just before the World Weightlifting Championships of 1954, the Soviet Union confessed about taking testosterone injections
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Some unconfirmed sources say Germany used AAS in 1936 at the Berlin olympics
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In the original olympics athletes were known taking herbs to increase anabolic performance
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">People tried anything to increase performance back in the day, because the olympics were all they lived for
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1956 Dr. Ziegler and the Ciba pharmaceutical company made a steroid called "Methandrostenolone" or Dianabol
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">"Methandrostenolone" or dianabol was the first anabolic steroid that wasn´t testosterone
 * 7) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Since 1956 many steroids have been developed, each one with their own set of characteristics
 * 8) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By the late 1960´s the East Germans had also entered the fray and were giving steroids to their athletes as part of a state sponsored program to bolster national pride by winning Olympic Gold Medals
 * 9) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Dianabol was quickly made available to anyone looking for an extra edge
 * 10) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids helped many bodybuilders, weightlifters, football players, and Olympic athletes train harder, longer, and more efficiently
 * 11) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids enhanced protein synthesis and allowed new muscle to be built at a rate that was much more rapid than would otherwise be possible. And that increased muscle power and strength translated into financial rewards for the athletes who were taking them
 * 12) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">If you were an athlete looking to take your career farther, Dianabol could be a part of your diet
 * 13) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Athletes all over the world wanted to know where to get them and how to use them
 * 14) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1968 there was an official complaint about steroids made by the World Health Organization
 * 15) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids were being over produced by the major pharmaceutical firms, and were subsequently shipped to certain third world countries, where doctors would receive a kickback for prescribing large amounts of them
 * 16) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kenya and Jamaica were where this was happening, and they did well at the olympics that year (surprisingly)
 * 17) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At this time, there were no documented reports of athletes using steroids in sports other than Olympic competition
 * 18) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At this time, a ban on Anabolic steroids was issued by the International Olympic Council
 * 19) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By the 1990's AAS have been found in high school level sports
 * 20) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroids were tought in high school in the mid 80's
 * 21) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The MLB was the last major sports league to issue a drug policy ban
 * 22) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This all started with a bottle of a nutritional supplement seen in Mark McGwire´s locker
 * 23) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At this time, McGwire was en route to breaking a home-run record that had been standing for decades
 * 24) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A estimated roughly fifty percent of the players in the league were using them also
 * 25) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Jose Canseco, in a book published during the height of the steroids in baseball media coverage, estimated that 85% of all players in MLB used steroids, and also admitted using them
 * 26) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Steroid policy in football and the NFL as we know it began in 1987
 * 27) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">With regards to football, it would seem that current educational efforts are not working well
 * 28) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The most famous story of steroid use in the NFL is that of Lyle Alzado
 * 29) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Seven years after having a successful career in the NFL, in 1992, Alzado died from brain lymphoma
 * 30) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He was 43 that year, but in the years preceding it, Alzado became an often used symbol of the dangers of steroid abuse
 * 31) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There is absolutely no medical link between steroids and brain lymphoma, and there is absolutely no reason for Alzado to believe his condition was related to steroid use
 * 32) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Bill Romanowski wrote a book, in which he admits that Victor Conte introduced him to several performance enhancing compounds, notably anabolic steroids
 * 33) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bill Romanowski was a great linebacker
 * 34) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">As long as there is prestige and money to be earned from playing football, there will be steroids in it
 * 35) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ben Johnson broke the world sprinting record in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, he tested positive for Winstrol (Stanozolol)
 * 36) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ben Johnson denies this because he says he used it 28 days before the race, which you are allowed to do
 * 37) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">So the test remains very suspect, although Ben Johnson was suspended and stripped of his Olympic Gold medal. He probably suffered the worst fate of all the people who have been caught using steroids either at the Olympics or otherwise
 * 38) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Although some athletes still compete for the love of the game, prestige often accompanies success. And today, just as two millennia ago, athletes often find the opportunity to compete for both prestige as well as money
 * 39) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">And that is why they sought out performance enhancers in the ancient Olympic Games, and that´s why athletes are using steroids in sports today

__Steroids__. 2005 Muscle News. December 10, 2008 <http://www.musclenet.com/steroid.htm>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * "Anabolic steroids" is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones
 * They promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male sexual characteristics
 * lots of side effects
 * the proper term for these compounds is "anabolic-androgenic" steroids.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * Anabolic steroids were developed in the late 1930s primarily to treat hypogonadism,
 * The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other diseases.
 * During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle in laboratory animals
 * studies led to the use of the compounds first by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports.
 * Steroid abuse has become so widespread in athletics that it affects the outcome of sports contests.
 * More than 100 different anabolic steroids have been developed
 * all of them require a prescription to be used legally in the United States.
 * Most steroids that are used illegally are smuggled in from other countries, illegally diverted from U.S. pharmacies, or synthesized in clandestine laboratories.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rebecca, Shore. __How we got here__. March 11, 2008 Sports illustrated. December 7, 2008 < http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/magazine/03/11/steroid.timeline/index.html >.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1886 Twenty-four-year-old Welsh cyclist Arthur Linton dies during a race from Bordeaux to Paris; he is believed to have taken trimethyl, a stimulant
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1889 French physician Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, 72, extracts testicular fluid from dogs and guinea pigs and injects it into himself. He claims to feel years younger with renewed energy
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1935 German scientists develop anabolic steroids as a way to treat hypogonadism -- testosterone deficiency. Butenandt would later win the Nobel Prize for his cumulative findings in sex hormones
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1940-45 Nazis test anabolic steroids on prisoners, Gestapos and Hitler himself. Testosterone and its analogs are used by German soldiers to promote aggressiveness and physical strength. Hitler's mental state toward the end of his life exhibits characteristics that some scientists associate with heavy steroid use
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1945-47 Anabolic steroids are used to help reverse the wasting effects of war and concentration-camp imprisonment
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1954 As the U.S.S.R. begins to dominate the sport of powerlifting, a Soviet team doctor allegedly reveals his team's use of testosterone injections to U.S. weightlifting doctor John Ziegler
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1958 Ziegler's anabolic steroid -- methandrostenolone -- is released by Ciba Pharmaceuticals under the name Dianabol
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1960 //Sports Illustrated// publishes //Our Drug-Happy Athletes// by George Walsh, exposing the use of amphetamines ("pep pills"), tranquilizers, cocaine and other drugs in elite sports
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1969 //Sports Illustrated// produces a three-part investigation about performance-enhancing drugs in sports
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1975 The International Olympic Committee adds anabolic steroids to its list of banned substances
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1983 The governing body of the Pan Am Games in Caracas strips Chicago weightlifter Jeff Michels of three gold medals, and three other Latin American weightlifters of theirs, when they test positive for anabolic steroids
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1988 The high-profile rivalry between sprinters Carl Lewis and Ben Johnson comes to a head when Johnson posts a record-smashing time of 9.79 seconds. Johnson's time is deleted from record books and his gold medal stripped after the anabolic steroid Stanozol is detected in his urine sample
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1991 Twenty former East German coaches admit to administering anabolic steroids to some of their swimmers
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1990 The Anabolic Steroids Control Act is introduced by Congress. for which trafficking is now a felony, not a misdemeanor
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   992 NFL defensive end Lyle Alzado dies of brain cancer on May 14. The 43-year-old two-time All-Pro believed his disease was the result of more than two decades of steroid and HGH
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   1999 The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), an independent agency, is formed through the IOC
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   2000 Urinalysis tests are improved to detect EPO, but blood doping -- the injection of one's own red blood cells -- remains undetectable. Potential risks of blood doping include blood clots, strokes and thromboses
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   2005 Former NFL linebacker Bill Romanowski admits to using steroids obtained through Conte

__Steroid Pros and Cons__. 2005 Muscle News. December 11, 2008 <http://www.musclenet.com/steroid.htm>. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   ** Commonly Reported Positive Effects: ** **Some negative effects are:**
 * Increased leanness / muscle definition
 * Increased muscle mass / weight
 * Increased strength
 * Increased effectiveness of training
 * Improved recovery rate
 * Euphoria
 * Increased aggressiveness
 * Increased sex drive

Both Sexes**:**
 * Increased risk of mood disturbances including mania and depression
 * Increased risk of psychosis
 * Increased risk of aggressive acts which may injure self or others
 * Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
 * Increased risk of liver disease and cancer
 * Increased risk of kidney disease and cancer
 * Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B & C from contaminated needles
 * Acne
 * Bad breath
 * Decreased sex drive
 * Baldness
 * Water retention
 * Muscle cramps
 * Aching joints
 * Increased risk of muscle tears
 * Increased risk of tendon injuries
 * Increased risk of nose bleeds
 * Insomnia
 * Decrease in immune system effectiveness
 * Infertility
 * Men: **
 * Increased risk of prostate enlargement and cancer
 * Decreased testicular size
 * Gynecomastia (growth of breasts)
 * Women: **
 * Increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancer
 * Increased risk of osteoporosis
 * Irreversible enlargement of the clitoris
 * Irreversible hoarsening and deepening of the voice
 * Irreversible increase in facial and body hair
 * Decreased breast size
 * Amenorrhea
 * Uterine atrophy
 * Children: **
 * Short Stature
 * Premature ephiphyseal closure